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Jahm bin Safwan
Jahm ibn Safwān (جهم بن صفوان) was an Islamic theologian who attached himself to Al-Harith ibn Surayj, a dissident in Khurasan towards the end of the Umayyad period, and who was put to death in 746 by Salim b. Ahwaz.〔Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam p.83, Leiden 1974〕
==Biography==
He was born in Kufah, but settled down in Khurasān in Tirmidh. His birthyear is unknown, but he probably was born in the first century (hijrah). He learned under al-Ja'd b. Dirham, a theologian from Harran in Syria. al-Ja'd b. Dirham was a teacher of the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, and is described as a Dahrî and Zindîq.〔Abdus Subhan, al-Jahm bin Safwan and his philosophy p.221 in: Islamic Culture 1937, W. Montgomery Watt, Early Discussions about the Qur'ān p.28 in: The Muslim World 1950, al-Dahabi, Mizan al-I'tidal 1:185〕 He was the first Muslim who spoke about the createdness of the Qur'ân, the rejection of Abraham's friendship to God and Moses' speaking to Him.〔W. Madelung, The Origins on the Controversy concerning the Creation of the Qur'ān p.505 in: Orientalia hispanica sive studia F.M. Pareja octogenario dicata, Leiden 1974〕 From al-Ja'd Jahm b. Safwān inherited some doctrines and would become the founder of the Jahmiyyah (see: Jahmites).〔al-Bukhāri, Khalq Af'āl al-'Ibād no.4, Kuwait 1985〕
Jahm eventually took work as the assistant of Al-Harith ibn Surayj during the latter's revolt against the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar. During the first attempt to take Merv in 746, Jahm was killed though the revolt greatly weakened Umayyad power and indirectly contributed to the success of the Abbasid Revolution.〔G. R. Hawting, (The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750 ), pg. 108. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 9781134550586〕
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